Comparing different international HRM strategies

Comparing different international HRM strategies Human Resources Management is a planned approach to managing people effectively for performance. It aims to establish a more open, flexible management style so that staff will be motivated, developed and managed in a way that they can give their best to support departments missions. Good HRM practices are instrumental in helping departmental objectives and enhance productivity. For the purpose of sharing expeience and providing reference in launching HRM initiatives. HRM Good Practices Since launching HRM movement in 1994 in the civil service, Civil Service Bureau has sponsore and individual departments have introduce various HRM initiatives. In taking HRM forward, we need strategic and integrated approach in managing people effectively for performance. In taking a strategic and integrated approach, HRM is linked to the department strategic direction in a systematic way. Such an approach is often reflected in the following practices clarifying a department strategic direction by way of articulating its Vision, Mission and Values statement; establishing the strategic linkage and integrating HR programmes through a HRM Plan projecting its short to long term human resource need through a Manpower Plan. At the same time, all manager must adopt a more open, flexible and caring style in managing their staff. Such an approach is reflected in number of ways. The three most common practices are managing people effectively for performance through an open Performance Management System that call for individual objectives tied to departmental objectives, regular coaching, and developing staff on job; enhancing staff competencies to perform better through effectively training people to achieve departmental objective and results LITREATURE REVIEW 1)Similarities and Differences in Human Resource Management in the European Union Sources: Thunderbird International Business Review, Vol. 45(6) 729-755 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ November-December 2003  © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). European authors have acknowledged that HRM originally developed in the United States.. European writer; Hendry Pettigrew, have been critical of apply American HRM views to other countries, especially Europe.Such criticism is entirely valid. A theoretical or practice HR model developed in the cultural context of one country should not indiscrimiately applied to another country without testing the cultural biases of its assumption..While the U.S. influence in HRM has been criticized,there is also a particular fondness among some European HRM academic writers to compare and contrast European with U.S. HRM. Brewster and Bournois posed the following question as a point of departure to justify such a comparison, To what extent there is sufficient similarity in Europe to require us to question whether there may not be significant difference between HRM in Europe as a whole and the United States of America? The comparison point out that in Europe, HRM is less dependent,companies have less autonomy and freedom of action, trade unionism is more important, the social partners have more influence,legal regulations are more important, and there is a stronger tradition of employee involvement. Brewster and Hegewisch push the comparison between European and American HRM even further and justify the existence of a European HRM model based on these differences. They conclude that,There are identifiable difference between the way in which HRM is conducted in Europe and that of the United States, a difference which allows us to speak of a European form of HRM . Brewster and Bournois also speak of two paradoxical trends that run through HRM in Europe. On the one hand there are clear country difference that can be understood and explained in the context of each national culture and its manifestations in history, laws, institutions, and employee organizations. On the other hand, there is an difference between the ways in which HRM is conducted in Europe vs the United States Brewster has made important contribution in pioneering the notion that there is a European HRM tradition distinct from others.He must be credited with being the first to attempt to develop a European model of HRM distinct from existing U.S. model. His European HRM model locates organizational issues within sectorial and national influences. However, according to Clark and Mallory , Brewsters European model has four main problems. First, talking abut European HRM is an example of reductionism that fails to take into account the cultural diversity of the European nations. Second,Brewster overestimates the level of autonomy enjoyed by HR manager and organizations in the United States. Third, his model is potentially culturally conditioned and inherently ethnocentric. 2) Changes in HRM in Europe: A longitudinal comparative study among 18 European countries Sources: http://www.emeraldinsight.com/ To examine HRM strategies and practices and HRM position within organizations in various cultural, economic and sociopolitical contexts from a longitudinal perspective. Findings The overall picture is that the 18 countries form two major clusters. Countries in Europe can be systematically clustered in a North/West-South/East distinction, regarding HRM practices. There is no indication of convergence between the major clusters. However, movement from one cluster to another was observed, with Italy and East Germany moving to the North-western cluster. Research limitations/implications The level of analysis, which is HR practice at a national) and regional level, is a methodological limitation of the present study. Analysis at this level conceals qualitative differences between countries, which are important in the contextual paradigm. Practical implications The issue of convergence in HR practices has important implications for HR managers in multinationals who operate in Europe and the transferability of HR practices. Originality/value This paper addresses the issue of whether over time there is an increasing Europeanisation (convergence) of HRM practices in Europe or not, by studying HR practices in 18 European countries. 3) Employers Find An Innovative Way To Escape The Growing Expense Of Providing References Sources:www.workpass.co.uk/calculator UK Unemployment is at its highest for over a decade and still rising fast. One unexpected impact of this trend has been to increase the administrative burden on Human Resource departments, whose staff are required to provide references for the rising number of former employee who are seeking jobs. Added to that is the growing scrutiny of landlord and lending organisation seeking to authenticate the salary detail of current employees, in the wake of recent scandals about irresponsible lending. It is all making managing references unacceptably time-consuming and costly for HR team, at a time when most businesses are seeking to find new efficiencies and save money. As a result, more and more employers are choosing to entrust reference management to the specialists at WorkPass. Using WorkPass is one of those rare things in business: a genuine no-brainer. Its an innovative, online solution thats able to handle all kinds of reference requests relating to both previous employees looking for work and current ones looking for, say, a bank loan or to rent a property. WorkPass is a wholly owned subsidiary of Verifile Ltd the UKs leading provider of pre-employment screening services. Its services are fully compliant with the Data Protection Act -which means that using WorkPass helps businesses pass the common compliance challenges associated with providing references over to WorkPass, thereby reducing their risks. Ben-Cohen continues: We take data protection very seriously. Thats why we make sure that each employee has control over who can access their data by letting them generate consent codes which provide controlled access to their details on our site. As well as effortlessly maintaining high levels of compliance, clients can provide a platinum service that enhances the good reputation of their organisation, while freeing up costly HR resource, helping them to deliver real and rapid cost savings. Uniquely on the market, WorkPass is offered as a free service to employers and employees. Reference-seekers instead pay a small access fee for the benefit of getting accurate and speedy responses to their online queries, often within seconds saving them time and money as well. Employers can offer a flexible choice of reference though WorkPass. These include providing basic references, confirming only dates of employment and position held; detailed references of the sort usually sought by financial institutions requiring confirmation of salary; and customised references, such as those required under compromise agreements. 4) The Human Resource Development function: the ambiguity of its status within the UK public service Source: http://ras.sagepub.com/cgi/content Improving performance thrugh better employee development practice is a recurrent theme within the UK public sector. Human Resource Development is seen as playing a pivotal role in this process. This article will review the role, structure and status of HRD with in the UK public service. It will consider the apparnt paradox that exists. On the one hand, the HRD function is reported to have a vital role in the developent of those working within public service organizatons. On the other hand, some hold the view that the reshaping the function is diminishing its status and influence. The article draws on the findings of the first phase of study examining the role, structure and status of the HRD function in UK public sector organization. Findings suggest that how the HRD function is presented and represented is problematic. 5) The Unique Recruiting and Human Resources Practices in Japan SOURCES:The Unique Recruiting and Human Resources Practices in Japan By Ames Gross and Larry Hewes Spring 1997 Published in International HR Journal EXECUTIVE SUMMARY à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Foreign firm attempting to enter the Japanese market must first acquaint themselves with Japans labor laws and human resource practices in order to be successful. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Although not required by statute, in Japan, workers generaly have lifetime employment with a single company. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ In Japan, promotions and increaes in responsibility are usually based on seniority, rather than solely on merit, and the promotion of a younger employee over more senior co workers can cause discomfort in the workplace. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ While Japan does have a national health system, many foreign company enroll their workers in a private health insurance plan, which are offered by foreign insurance companies. As matter of background, the Japanese economy is now recovering from a long period of recession and stagnation. It is a huge economy in world term, second only in power and size to that of the United States. In many way, Japans economy is superior to that of the United States; for example, Japan is the worlds largest creditor nation while the United States is the largest debtor nation. Japan run a trade surplus while the United States has a deficit, and the savings rate of Japans citizens far that of the United States. Japan has a population of 130 millions people, and its society which has been for centuries, and even during several decades, closed is opening up more and more to foreign commerce. For example, there are many more foreign car in Japan now than there were just 10 years ago, and hundreds of U.S. and European company now do business in Japan. Given the size of its market and its economic power, it behaves almost any U.S. business to look seriously at doing business with Japan. For some companies those whose products are so unique or who simply do not have the resources to establish a physical presence in Japan purely exporting may work, however, setting up an office in Japan and, of course, recruiting and hiring staff are the best way to go. However, one cannot do this successfully without understanding what the human resources issues and labor laws in Japan are, and how the written and unwritten traditions governing business and employment operate in that country. The purpose of this article is to provide foreign employer with some guideline on this subject. Recruiting, hiring, firing, termination, out placement, salary, title, and other basic subjects are covered. 6) The transferability of Japanese HRM practices to Thailand Jun Onishi Hirosaki University, Aomori, Japan This research examined the transferability of Japanese human resource management to Thailand. Attitude toward life-time employment, seniority system, consensual decision-making, quality circle, and house unions were considered. The sample included 560 managers and staff of Japanese companie in Thailand. The results indicate that all five practice except seniority are transferable. The Thai employees have more positive attitudes toward consensual decision-making, quality circles and house unions than the Japanese managers in the Japanese manufacturers in Thailand. Some Japanese managers think that consensual decision-making and quality circle are not appropriate or accepted in Thailand. This belief may limit the implementation of these practices. Regarding seniority, both the Japanese manger and the Thai employees agreed that performance should be evaluated by achievement, but years of service should be part of evaluation criteria. OBJECTIVES 1.To study HRM practices in Europe 2. To study structures operating within international companies across Europe. 3.To study the structure and operation of the European Union 4.To study the corporate culture in Europe RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research would be undertaken through secondary data.The data collected from 1.Journals 2.Magazines 3.Internet 4.Books HR PRACTICES IN EUROPE HR in perspective across Europe A brief look at the economic and social context of the fifteen longer-established EU member states. Austria joined the EU in 1995. It has benefited greatly from both physically and linguistically close to Germany and it holds key position on transalpine transport routes. This small, but highly efficient, central European state has well-developed system of labour relations, a high level of employee involvement and a welfare system that, although generous, nevertheles incorporates a sufficient incentive to remain in work. Denmark has driven up its wage level to be the highest in the world by heavily taxing employees and relying heavily on collective bargaining to regulate pay and employment condition. However, it has one of the most skilled workforce in Europe and has been a pioneer in flexible working methods. This has helped Denmark to achieve high, sustained productivity level in recent years. Finland joined the EU in 1995. It has few natural resources and a complex language that could easily have become a barriers to international trade. However, it has been able to take full advantages of EU and eurozone membership to achieve a low level of price inflation and invest in its human capital to produce a highly skilled workforce. The Finnish economy has also benefited by employers being able to tap into ready supply of labour from the Baltic states. France has low level of unionisaton, but highly militant trade unions. The official stance towards foreign-owned multinational enterpries has often been hostile and there has been a tendency to overreact to corporate restructuing by the application of penal sanctions. The 35-hour week has not been a success and the French govenment is now trying to unpick itself from many of its past policies. Germany is the biggest and by far the most succesful of the older EU states. During the last two decades it has achieve a difficult transition in its eastern states from a system of state-run monopolie to a modern market economy. Complete integration has not, however, been fully achieved and a 20% wage gap still exists between eastern and western states. Neither has Germany been able to significanly narrow the equal pay gap between male and female employees. Greece joined the EU in 1981. It continues to be a country with many small employers, generally poor labour relations and government that have frittered away much of the economic gain from EU accession through unprodutive public spending and early retirement schemes. Statutory work obligations are commonly flouted, paricularly in leading sectors such as construction. Government employment data is generally weak, out of date and uneliable. Greece relies very heavily upon its tourism and agricultural industries and has not been successful at attacting a sustained volume of major inward investment projects. Moreover, it has never fully expited its physical location close to major external markets in the Middle East. Ireland provides the best ex within the EU of a small country overcoming its lack of natural resources and peripheral geogaphical position to become a true tiger economy. This has largely been achiev through a low rate of corporation tax, a sustained inward investment strategy and an open-door policy towards immigants from central and eastern Europe. Ireland has not focused on being a low-wage location, but has concentrated on minimising bureaucratic burden and keeping overhead such as social security costs to a minimum. Italy has overcome many of its past economic and political instability problems, and its most recent reform have helped to encourage flexibility and open up the labour market. However, it has still not overcome its major north-south economic divide, reduced the bureaucratic burden that it continues to place on employer, or resolved the inconsistent application of its complex employment laws. Spain joined the European Union in 1986 and was at first country burdened by poor labour productivity, tight employment protection laws and wage indxation. Although these problems have not entirely disappeard Spain is now western Europes second tiger economy, with rapid economic expansion driven by a property boom and a plentiful supply of low cost labour frm north Africa. Sweden joined the EU in 1995. During the 70s and 80s, Sweden had to undertake a major economic restructuring exercise to deal with a decline in it forestry and iron ore mining sectors. Its highly sophisticted and extensive welfare system helped to make this exercise a success. Since accession, however, the Swedish economy has underperformed. This is primarily due to the high tax burden imposed on ordinary workers to sustain the generous welfare provisions, the creation of a dependency culture, and the narrownes of pay differentials. The United Kingdom operate a very different corporate and work culture from the European continent. It has virtualy abandoned sectoral collective bargaining and has been reluctant to embrace formalised systems of employee participation. It has tended to take a minimalist approach to all EU social and employment Directives and has refused to join the eurozone. Although this has helped to encourage the growth of new enterprises, much of the UK advantage in attracting inward investment has been gained through its cultural and linguitic links with the USA. Labour costs, however, remain high by EU standard and productivity is well below the level that this degree of economic freedom should have achievd. Comparison between employment characteristics in EU15 and new EU states (averages) Employment characteristic EU15 States New EU States Employee cannot change own working methods 29% 37% Employees working on shifts 12.1% 23% Employees working on Sunday 6.5% 11.7% Employees with fixed-term/temporary job 10.5% 8.7% Employees working at night 4.4% 5.4% Employees with a second job 1.8% 5.2% Length of time in present job 10.9 years 13.4 years Length of working week 38.2 hours 44.4 hours Language training in workplace (av/yr) 4 hours 11 hours Management training in workplace (av/yr) 12 hours 7 hours The HRM concept remains undeveloped in many of established EU member states such as France and Germany. This is largely due to over-reliance on administrative procedures and company rules, the codetrmination powers of works councils, the prevalence of sectoral collective bargaining, and widespread union resistance to workplace innovation. It therefore remains uncertain how far HRM method will become the norm for managing personnel issues in the new member states. European HR trends Europe accounts for one-tenth of the world population. Two-thirds of Europeans live in countries that are member of the economic federation known as the European Union (EU). The proportion of the population (aged 15-64) who are employed in the EU is just 66.0%, compaed to 69.3% in Japan and 71.5% in the USA. The average employee in the EU works for 38.5 hours per week, 18% of the EU working population works part-time, 14.8% are on temporary contract and 5.1% of employees started their job in the last 3 months. 12.9% of the population agd 15-64 have undergone tertiary education and almost 10% of the EU population aged 25-64 take part in lifelong learning activitie. EU citizens spend 12.2% of GDP on pension and their average retirement age is 59.9 years. HR policies and strategies checklist The focus HR strategy over the last decade has been to find an ever-widening range of methods to cut cost and improve operational performance. These tend to be carried out irrespective of the current stage of the economic cycle or a company relative competitive position. Options which were once regarded as either in or out of fashion are now being assessed purely on their merit, and are being swiftly adopted if they seems likely to succeed. We have entered an era of corporates perfectionism in which almost anything is possible. The prevailing aim of companie is not just to be more efficient and effective than their business rivals, but to be so good that it will be dangerou for competitors to try to emulate their achievements. Cost saving Reduction of operational costs: redundancy delayering pay cuts and freezes increasing variable pay as percentage of total pay , recruitment freezes outsourcing removing deputy posts gain sharing -,rationalising company car policies maximising grants or subsidies. Control of overheads: relocation to lower-cost centres ,use of teleworkers cutting benefits rationalising back-office functions expense account audits trimming expense budgets extending the working day. Limitation of future liabilities: changing from defined benefit to defined contribution pension schemes removing incremental pay scales curtailing grade creep. Pain sharing: board pay cuts, HQ downsizing single status facilities limiting top management severance packages ,utplacement counselling. Operational flexibility Job flexibility: job design flexible working hours annual hours contracts time off in lieu (TOIL) time banking ,part-time working ,fixed-term contracts ,multi-skilled work teams. Pay and benefit flexibility: profit sharing employee share ownership share options self -service benefits. Operational flexibility: time management , improving managerial leverage , the 24/7 workplace use of freelance and temporary staff suggestion schemes. Human capital Encouragement of lifelong learning: individual learning accounts , action learning elearning cpd mentoring. Retention of know-how: strategy for older workers staged retirement ,removing age barriers knowledge management developing knowledge banks. Promotion of equal opportunities: removing glass ceiling equality training equal opportunities monitoring diversity policies positive action. Promotion of health and fitness: in-house fitness centre discounts on external facilities stress counselling company sports teams regular medicals. Performance effectiveness Use of performance management methods: benchmarking process rengineering management by objectives employee appraisal upward feedback (360 degree feedback) decentralization empowerment delegation quality circle open door policies performance incentive supply chain management HR system integration data mining and warehousing. Improvement of recruitment process: student sponsorship on-line recruitment automated scanning background checks positive vetting verification of cv data University ratings personality/literacy testing assessment centres head-hunting succession planning. Reduction of absenteeism: attendance bonuses- wellness programmes surveillance of those on long-term absence motivational programmes. Prevention of fraud and theft: expense claim audits ctv scanning whistleblowing schemes amnesties forensic audits. Further important element in HR management are softer policy concerns and personnel administration, together with legal compliances and the avoidance of litigation. Increased board visibility and accountability have become areas of concern following recent exposures of corporate irregularitie such as the Enron affair. Data privacy and security are also becoming more significant issues and are making the application of HR policies a much more complex task. Corporate culture Family-friendly workplace: work/life balance childcare eldercare parental leave emergency leave term time working job sharing flexible working arrangements sabbaticals. Corporate governance: annual social and environmental reports remuneration committee independent reviews visibility and accountability of corporate boards. Localisation: support for local events service contracts with SMEs replacement of expatriates with local employee environmental improvement schemes. Employee welfare: Dutch-style arbo services hospital visits disability counselling company social functions attendance at funeral long service awards flowers on birth of employees children car-sharing initiative season ticket loans. Legal and ethical compliance Safety: statutory obligations codes of conduct safety training , health and safety audits joint committees safety signs emergency procedures alcohol and drugs testing. Employment: statutory obligation custom and practice codes of conduct disability quotas collective agreements works councils European work councils. Privacy and security: codes of practice data security standards international transfers of personal data email monitoring subject access procedures emergency planning workplace security zoning. Personnel accounting: tax compliance ,- payroll procedures IAS 19 remuneration committees. Community: corporate social responsibility (CSR) work experience student exchange sponsorship. Labour courts and court systems in Europe Belgium There are two levels of specialist labour court in Belgium: Labour tribunals: Courts of first instance dealing primariy with individual employment contract issues. Labour courts: These hear appeals referred by tribunals and seek to resolve significant collective disputes. Each tribunal retains a team of labour prosecutor who may be called upon to provide opinions to the court and are also responsible for instituting criminal proceeding against employers when health and safety laws have been seriously breached. Denmark Denmark operate a well established and highly complex array of courts, arbitration and conciliation machinery. Actions concerning individual employments contracts are heard by the general courts. The Labour Court Act governs the activities of the labour court that hear cases involving breaches of collective agreements. However, the starting point for dispute resolution is usually the set of standard rules that are common to almost all collective agreement. These define a number of steps to be followed as soon as a problem arises in the workplace. The parties are first obliged to negotiate, then to seek private arbitration if required and, finally, to go to court rather than resort to strike action or lock-outs. No individual employee can bring a case, or be the sole subject of a labour court actions. Germany Around 650,000 cases are heard by labour courts each year in Germany. Of these around 90% concern individuals rather than trade unions or works councils (as collective suits). Half of all cases are settled at an initial hearing before a lower labour court, but 1,000 cases a year eventually go through the full appeals process. Three levels of courts of appeal 1) Labour courts (Arbeitsgerichte) 2) Higher labour courts (Landersarbeitsgerichte) 3) The Federal Supreme Labour Court (Bubdesarbeitsgericht) final court of appeal These deal with private law disputes involving statutory rights such as wrongful dismissal, infringements of works council procedure, wage payment problems and the interpretation of collective agreement. Social security cases are heard by separate courts of social affairs. Conflicts of interest between works councis and employers are dealt with by ad hoc settlement committees Italy Labour court are an integrated element of the civil court system. They are composed of professional judges who deal with a wide range of social insurance and social welfare issues as well as internal civil service dispute and labour laws. There are three levels of labour court: 1) The court of first instance 2) The appeals court 3) The Cassazione All parties must be legally represented at every level of labour courts. Both individuals and collective bodies may seeks a decision by the court. However, unions may intervene in individual disputes if the case involves the interpretations of a collective agreement. Most cases that are heard by a court of first instance are permitted to go forward upon appeals. Spain Around 300,000 cases are heard by Spanish labour courts each year. However, only 40% of all cases relate to contracts of employment, with the balance being taken up by social security disputes. There are three levels of labour court: 1) The social courts at a provincial level. 2) The social chamber of the high courts at a regional level. 3) The social chamber of the Supreme Court in Mad

Fetal Abnormality Essay

In the case by Jessica, Marco, Maria and Dr.William I believe that the theory they have used for this case study is the Moral Christian theory which says that it is god almighty who gave origin to us and knitted us in our mother’s womb from where all our lives have a meaning. Therefore in my opinion I feel that Jessica’s and Maria’s decision is wright about knitting the baby and go for the plan of god as god always have an intention in his every which shows a close resemblance to the moral standpoint of Christianity. The children with disability can also survive in this world. Jessica in this case as a strong believer of God going for gods will representing the act of a true Christian follower. I believe that everything in this world takes place according to gods plan and if a couple is meant to have a child with deformity, through this god is trying to teach something to the family or to improve the love and affection between the family members. After going thro ugh this case study on â€Å"Fetal abnormality† I feels it’s very apparent that Jessica and Maria taking decisions according to the Christian standpoint. Their aunt who decided to leave is going for gods will and ready to accept whatever that god has intended for their family. The moral Christian theory talks about the life of a true Christian by obeying the bible and following the commandments of god. The bible says a lot of good things about the humanism and the positive qualities have human beings should possess in order to get close to god. ‘’For you created my inmost being, you knit me together in my mother’s womb† I shall praise you for my entire life because you are the God of this entire universe wonderfully made, all your works in this entire universe is beautiful and for a reason, knowing the full well. There was nothing about me which was hidden from you when I was framed in the secret place, you woven me together in the depths of earth. You have seen my unformed body and all my days on this earth are written in your book even  before I was sent to this earth (Psalms 139:13-16). Those who are intended to go for the materialistic life on this earth, In this case study if they would have gone for abortion which is a materialistic or selfish way of thinking is against the word of god. Jessica’s and Maria’s decision for keeping the baby as the intention of god is derived from their strong belief in the god. A fetus formed in a mother’s womb despite of its abnormalities is still a human being and doing abortion is a sin. Here dr.Wilson and Marco is having a materialistic mortal viewpoint as they wants to do the abortion of the baby, everything that humans possess in this world are just physical in this world. References Christianity,.(2007).,Christian Moral Theory., Worldviews and Moral Visions retrieved from http://www3.nd.edu/~afreddos/courses/264/chmoral.htm

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Many different views on homosexuality - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 602 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/08/08 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Homosexuality Essay Did you like this example? Across the nation, there are many different views on homosexuality. India is one of the many countries that have a negative view on homosexuals. The rule of section 377 of Indian penal code, which establishes that homosexuality is an unnatural sexual offence, has created a stigma that being homoseuxal is wrong and against nature (Economist 2008). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Many different views on homosexuality" essay for you Create order It has also created a fear to come out because consensual homosexual sex is punishable for up to ten years in prison so the people brave enough to be openly homoexual have to keep it hidden (Voeten 2013) . However, more than anything, many Indian homosexuals worry more about exposure to their families and colleagues than about the law. (Economist). The laws and the people who support them are creating issues even in their personal relationships. Pakistan also has a similar view with homosexuality being an offence under Pakistan penal code and a growing prejudice for same-sex relationships (Infotrac 2014). Along with the many countries that dont support homosexuality, China strongly discourages this behavior. Homosexual acts receive harsh punishment because there is little space for discussion of gay partnerships and marriage (Chan, 2017). In 1865, the Hong Kong government adopted the Offenses against Persons Acts of 1861 which prohibited anal sex and bestiality in order to try to discourage sex between the same genders (Chan, 2017).In fact, being homosexual was declared a mental illness in China which can affect an individual psychologically to be classified under this category. To be told that you have a mental illness, are a sinner or are going against whats nature is extremely damaging to an individual. Japan is also a country that is having issues with psychological damage to individuals that are having to face society being against them. Japan is struggling with losing people to suicides due to this negative stigma. One to three high rates of attempted suicide have been homosexual and bisexual men compared to heterosexual men. Japanese men experience psychological tension from their homosexual feelings might not identify themselves as homosexual which can lead to difficulty coming out (Hidaka, 2006). In Japan the mental health consequences are especially high due to the fact that Japanese culture emphasizes public honor and avoidance of shame which is why homosexuals in Japan tend to hide their same-sex feelings which leads to the development of mental health issues (Hidaka, 2006). The problem that people are ignoring is how homosexuals are being psychologically affected by this negative treatment. Prior research has suggested that exposure to anti-homosexual bias can have important psychological and public health consequences (Hidaka, 2006). Mental health problems, including emotional distress, anxiety and depression can be caused when exposed to these types of bias. Having to hide such a large part that makes up your identity can lead to depression which also can cause identity problems, especially if this pressure occurs when growing up. A study of young homosexual men in their early adulthood in the US found that 37% of the people being asked had experienced verbal harassment, 22% had experienced discrimination and 5% had experienced physical violence in the recent past (Hidaka, 2006). This related to the fact that four to six mental health problems among homosexuals have a direct correlation to social stigma and prejudice which is shown in these statistic s (Hidaka, 2006). This problem is unfortunately very present in other countries, however; it is also important to be aware that America still has a large amount of people that create this stigma and prejudice. These people dont realize the way that theyre affecting them which is why its important to spread the message that even if its not something you agree with, no lives should ever be taken because of it.

The Importance Of A College Education - 1511 Words

Albio Sires, a New Jersey congressman, said that â€Å"Middle-class families are struggling to send their sons and daughters to school. For many Americans, a college education is essential to future success.† His statement taps into one of the biggest issues in America. While education is a strong value in this country, after high school, the percentage of people getting an education dramatically drops. Although many people choose to not go to college, there are also many people who do not go simply because they cannot afford it. Without the skill set that one acquires during these crucial years of education, many Americans then lack the skills necessary to maintain a stable middle-class job. Through the play The Death of a Salesman, Arthur†¦show more content†¦That’s what their parents had done (Kristof, NYTimes.com).† In addition, the parents do not want to give their children false hope about their future because financially it would not be possible. Either, many people remain in high debt, which they are never able to pay off, or they cannot go to college at all. By providing cheaper college options, America would be able to better close the gap between the middle and upper class (Boushey, NYTimes.com). In fact, the financial issue with education starts with elementary school. Studies show that many lower-middle class children have a lower vocabulary earlier on, and also have behavior issues in the classroom. These issues are normally because of lower quality institutions in these communities, and because the parents cannot afford to send their children to receive a better quality education. This results in many children dropping out of high school, and not furthering their education (Sawhill, NYTimes.com). Phil Davis, an author at the Huffington Post, said, â€Å"My kids (not to brag) are both honors students but that’s in part because we spend more like $1,000/yr on books, not $100.† Davis explains how in America, being successful in school is correlated with the money and resources the child has. Although many middle-class families can afford to send their children to a decent school, they cannot afford the extra costs to get them into better colleges. College is something that was not alwaysShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of College Education1142 Words   |  5 PagesJacartier McGee Education is the single most important factor in the growth of our country. Specifically, higher education paves a future and provides opportunity for students that attend college and gives them a shot at a career. 50 years ago, college was strictly for the elite, high class Americans. Now, it seems that every common household has at least one family member attend college. But with the increasing drop out rate today, students seem less interested in learning at college and their prioritiesRead MoreThe Importance Of A College Education?1419 Words   |  6 PagesZhao English 101C Professor A.Pino Nov 13th 2017 The importance of a college education In the period of their high school career, the students shall begin to ask and consider the college education’s importance. The answer is that the accepting college education offers chances to graduates, which are more widespread to those who have the levels of senior high education or less. Most of people understand that they desire to accept a college education, but they do not know why or how it would fulfillRead MoreThe Importance Of A College Education? Essay1692 Words   |  7 Pages A college education has a different meaning for every person in the world. To someone a college education could mean that they’re smarter than most, or it’s one more step closer to their future goals, or it could just be another piece of paper to make their family proud. The importance of a college education depends on what a degree means to the person. I think the true purpose of a college education should be base more on a personal level, and not a broad level. T he reason why I thinkRead MoreThe Importance Of College Education1257 Words   |  6 Pageswhen deciding whether to go to college or which college to attend. The importance of college has been a long-debated topic that is becoming more and more popular. It used to be that a high school education was necessary to succeed, and a college degree was merely beneficial. However, today college has escalated into something that is considered necessary to succeed. New York Times columnists, David Leonhardt, states that â€Å"if youre someone who can get into college, going is practically a no-brainerRead MoreThe Importance Of College Education912 Words   |  4 PagesThe Importance of College Education 4. with a college education young adults are more likely to make more money or have better pay jobs than those without a higher education. In the article, â€Å"More Students Getting Graduate Degrees† writer Cecilia Capuzzi states that â€Å"in every academic major group, more education resulted in more money(2). With this said the more Knowledge and education a person gains the more likely they are to be financially successful. A person with an associates, bachelors, orRead MoreThe Importance Of Education In College924 Words   |  4 PagesGonzalez from Resilient Scholar is helping me also by guiding me towards help and tutoring. I am currently taking two summer courses at Glendale Community College through a special program   EOP is hosting there.   Geology 101 and Astronomy 152 is what I am currently taking at GCC. I have met with Dr. Joong-won Lee a very respected professor in the College of Health and Human Development, and he has helped my set up a plan of which c ourses I should take until I graduate from Csun. He helped me make a veryRead MoreThe Importance of College Education705 Words   |  3 Pageswhether or not to attend college can be difficult, especially given the tremendous costs associated with tuition, books, and campus living. Moreover, getting a good job or earning an attractive income is not necessarily guaranteed with a college degree. The decision of whether or not to attend college must come from within, and must transcend thoughts about money. For me, going to college represents a genuine personal feat. There are three main reasons why college education is important to me. FirstRead MoreThe Importance Of College Education1138 Words   |  5 PagesCollege Education 1. INTRODUCTION My issue is the debate if college education is worth it. Many people think going to college is the ideal thing to do but there is also people who think college is not worth all the time and money. In 2016, the employment rate was highest for young adults with a bachelor’s degree or higher, 88 %. College prepares young adults for the real world and everything they need to know. Typically, college graduates have higher employment rates and have a better chanceRead MoreThe Importance Of College Education1593 Words   |  7 Pages Most parents encourage their children to achieve a college degree because they believe it is a passport to success. Nationwide it has been known in order to get ahead, go to college. College helps young adults socialize, be independant, and allows them to find themselfs. College graduates have been known to posses higher employment rates, and greater work benefits. Also, college can be a huge milestone in ones life. That being said, these are most likely the reasons why the majority of high schoolRead MoreThe Importance Of College Education718 Words   |  3 PagesCollege education is primarily a successful future. Right now college is a benefit to ones upcoming life. One will face difficult trials in life and college is the main reason how problems can be fixed. Earning a college degree is a major step that its becoming the American dream. Go to college, get a job, buy a house, and raise a family. It may not always be that simple, but it all starts with a college education. A col lege education is valuable because one can maintain a job, earn more money

Benefits and Hazard of Radiation Free Essays

string(95) " produce anxiety but we often overlook the many beneficial uses to which radiation can be put\." SUBMITTED BY: Teresita C. Ojastro SUBMITTED TO: Mrs. Pilar M. We will write a custom essay sample on Benefits and Hazard of Radiation or any similar topic only for you Order Now Macabinguil MALOH PROVINCIAL COMMUNITY HIGH SCHOOL DUMAGUETE CITY NEGROS ORIENTAL 6200 Mrs. Pilar M. Macabinguil ENGLISH IV Teacher MPCHS Madam: In partial fulfillment of the requirement in ENGLISH IV, I hereby present to you my term paper entitled â€Å"What is Radiation? † This term paper presents a research study on the importance about radiation and how it affects the whole world. In doing a research paper is a big task that must be given more efforts, time and patient. It will not be built without references. I always think of doing this not for the benefits for other but for my own. I learn to be more confident, more competitive and more initiative for I know I have my inspiration who gave me everything I need. The strength, courage, will and determination to conquer my goals in life and to finish my accomplishment as student. I was to give my best with the help of our almighty God. So madam, I hope that this term paper will merit your approval and prove to be satisfactory. Please consider my errors and I’m sorry for I disappointed to you. Respectfully yours, TERESITA C. OJASTRO ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Now, in behalf of such difficulties and trials, I would like to acknowledge the People who were re always there behind me and supported me in making this term Paper. Once and foremost, I would like to give especial thanks to our almighty God for He serves as my inspiration and great provider as well. He gives me strength to face me challenge that I’ve encountered. I to God who is too magnificent to grant the blessing I need. I hereby express my thanks to Mrs. Sandra Omongos for giving us opportunity to learn, for giving us information and knowledge in making this term paper. It helps a lot for us that if we already in college, we already know on how to make a research paper. Thank you very much madam for the effort in explaining to us everything. I also give thanks to my beloved parent, sister and brother, grandma, and auntie who really gives there supports, emotionally, physically, mentally, spiritually, and financially. I give those thanks as they are the best parent, aunties and uncle ever. With them, I grew graceful with to God. They are one of my inspirations in complying this research paper. Grateful thanks to my friends, classmates, parents, grandma, aunties and uncle, teacher as well, who were very kind to me, who courage me in this term paper. To my especial auntie Miss ANNABELLE OJASTRO who is always there, giving advice, help me to be strong and be a better person, Thank you very much. I shall never forget you. INTRODUTION We often associate the word radiation with sunlight, x-rays, and nuclear power plants. Radiation is simply energy travelling through space and sunlight is the most familiar of radiation. Life’s on earth has evolved and developed with an ever present background radiation. In fact, in both solar and nuclear radiation have always been there. Despite this people, fear this hazards that the application of nuclear radiations pose to human life and to the environment. The use of nuclear energy in power generation may have been temporarily shelved in our country due to the controversy in the mid-1980 but this does not make our country â€Å"Nuclei-free†. The controversy revolves mostly around the risks involved versus the benefits derived from these applications. However, for you to decide for or against the use of these applications, you will need to learn about radioactivity and nuclear energy. TABLE OF CONTENTS I. TITLE PAGE II. ENDORSEMENT LETTER III. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT IV. INTRODUCTION V. TABLE OF CONTENTS VI. BODY OF TERM PAPER A. What is radiation? B. Types and Properties of Nuclear Radiation C. Radioactivity D. Discovery of Radioactivity E. Radioactive Isotopes F. Radioactive Half-Life G. The kinds of Radioactive Decay H. Radioactive Dating I. Two Methods use in Radioactive Dating J. Radiator Detector K. Radiation Application L. Food and Agriculture M. Diagnosis and Therapy N. Diagnostic use of Radioisotopes VII. CONCLUSION VIII. BIBLIOGRAPHY WHAT IS RADIATION? RADIATION- is the transfer of thermal energy space. Any object with thermal energy emits radiation. If you’ve travelled down roads on a very hot day, you may have been seen evidence of this radiation. The air just above the hot pavement shimmers and shakes as heats radiates from the surface. This radiation is very much like radio and television waves. Thermal energy transfer in the same way that radio and television signal travels from the broadcasting to your home. TYPES AND PROPERTIES OF NUCLEAR RADIATION Scientist found three different kinds of radiation given off by isotopes of radioactive substances. These are the following: 1. ALPHA (? ) PARTICLE RADIATION- it consists of two protons and two neutrons, or, the nucleus of a helium atom. They carry a positive charge of +2e. It is a helium nucleus. Its penetrating power is not very great. It can be stopped by a thin sheet of paper. 2. BETA (? ) PARTICLE RADIATION- Beta radiation consists of electrons. A beta particle is emitted from the nucleus when a neutron becomes a proton and vice versa. 1 The beta particle carries a charge of + e. It is an electron created during the decay of a neutron nucleus. It can travel at nearly speed of light. The high speed of beta particle makes it more penetrating than an alpha particle 3. GAMMA(Y RAY PROTONS-It is form of high energy electromagnetic radiation that travels at the speed of light. A gamma ray is a bundle of light energy. It has the most penetrating radiation given off by radioactive elements and it’s not affected by magnetic fields. It has no electrical charge. RADIOACTIVITY Radioactivity is a spontaneous decay of atomic nuclei in the emission of particle and energy. Radiation and radioactivity are world’s that produce anxiety but we often overlook the many beneficial uses to which radiation can be put. You read "Benefits and Hazard of Radiation" in category "Papers" For instance, exposure to high energy radiation can cause cancer. Yet precisely the same sort of radiation can be useful in the diagnosis of cancer and even in the treatment of cancer. Light and heat rays from the sun are common forms of radiation. Energy is given off when electrons in an exiled atom jump from a higher energy level to a lower energy level. This energy is emitted in the following forms. X-ray, radiation, ultraviolet radiation or light. An atom becomes excited when energy is added to it. However, there are some substances which yield radiation. These are called radioactive substances and it comes from the nuclei of an atom. DISCOVERY OF RADIOACTIVITY In 1985, William Roentgens discovered x-rays are radiation produced when high energy electron hit a certain material. He also discovers that x-rays can generate by directing a cathodes ray (beam of fast electrons) against the wall of the glass tube. In 1986, a French scientist, Henry Becquerel did an experiment to determine whether fluorescent materials give off light as well as x-rays. Becquerel wrapped a photographic plate in a thick black paper. He placed a crystal of the fluorescent uranium salt on the top of the paper. Then, he exposed the set up to the sunlight. He found a foggy photographic film, confirming his prediction that his runny sulphate did emit radiation. RADIOATIVE ISOTOPES Isotopes are atoms whose nuclei have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons. We distinguish between the different isotopes of hydrogen by 1H, 2H and 3H where the lower number is atomic number and the upper number is the atomic mass number. The common isotopes of hydrogen, 1 1H, is a table element. So is the isotopes 1 2H, called deuterium â€Å"Heavy Water† is the usually given to H2O in which 13H, called tritium, however, is unstable and undergoes beta decay. This is the radioactive. And some are not. RADIOACTIVE HALF-LIFE Radioactive isotopes decay at different rates. The radioactive Decay rate measured in terms of a characteristics time, the half-life. The Half-Life of the radioactive materials is the time required for half the atoms of radioactive isotopes of an element to decay. This term is also use to described Decay process in general. For example, Thorium-234 has a half-life of 24d. This mean that if we start with a 100g sample of TH-234, after 24d 50g will have changed into other atoms and 50g of Th-234 will remain. THE KINDS OF RADIOACTIVE DECAY Physicist who studied radioactive rocks and minerals discovered three kinds of radioactive decay, which are the following: 1. ALPHA DECAY Some radioactive decays involve the emission of a relatively large and massive practice compo red by two protons and two neutrons. Such as particle is exactly the same as the nucleus of helium, 4 atoms. It is called an alpha particle, and the process by which it is emitted is called alpha decay. It has an equation: ZAXZ-4A-4Y+24He Parent nucleus Daughter nucleus + particle (helium nucleus) 2. BETA DECAY The second kind of radioactive decays, called beta decay, involves the emission of the electron. In general for beta decay: ZAXZA+Y+-10e Parent nucleus Daughter nucleus + ? particle (electron) 3. GAMMA RADIATION The third kind radioactivity called gamma radiation is different from alpha and beta decay. A â€Å"gamma ray† is simply a generic term for a very energetic proton which is one unit of electromagnetic radiation. It is represented by: ZAXZAX+00y Parent nucleus Daughter nucleus + gamma particle All magnetic radiation comes from the acceleration of charge particles. That is happen in gamma radiation. RADIOACTIVE DATING An entirely different use of radioactivity is radioactive dating. Radioisotopes are used as â€Å"Nuclear Clocks† to determine the age of objects on an archaeological, geographical, and astronomical time sale. TWO METHODS USED IN RADIOACTIVE DATING . URANIUM DATING It is used to determine the age of the earth, the moon, or the solar system. Isotopes with the long half lives like U-238, U-235, Th-232, K-40 and Rb-87 are used. With this method, scientist has estimated the age of the oldest rock on the earth to be four billion years old. Since, Uranium has a very long half-life; the amount of lead produced by its decays over a period of thousands of y ears is virtually undetectable. That uranium dating not used relatively younger objects. 2. CARBON DATING It uses the decay of the carbon-14 isotope. Carbon dating techniques has become an indispensable tool for modern archaeologists. The age of artefacts from archaeological sites can be determining using carbon dating techniques. The oldest caves in Palawan were found to be around 40,000 years old by carbon dating. Carbon-14 is used in determining the age of once living things, to calculate the age of non-living things, Uranium dating is used. RADIATION DETECTORS Unlike visible lights, the presence of radioactive substances within and around us cannot be detected by our senses. The following are the radiation detector devices: . GEIGER COUNTER A Geiger counter consist of a central wire in a hollow metal cylinder filled with low pressure gas, an electrical voltage is applied across the cylinder and wire so that the wire is more positive than the cylinder. 2. CLOUD CHAMBER A cloud chamber shows a visible path or ionizing radiation in the form of Fog trails. It consists of cylindrical glass chamber close at the upper and by a glass window and at the lower and by a movable piston. 3. BUBBLE CHAMBER The particles trails seem in a bubble chamber are minute bubbles of gas in liquid hydrogen. The liquid hydrogen is heated under pressure in a glass and stainless steel chamber to a point just short to boiling. 4. SCINTILLATION COUNTER A scintillation counter uses the fact that certain substances are easily excited in emit light and when charge particles are or gamma rays pass through them. Tiny flashes of light or scintillation are converted into electric signal by special photo-multiplier tubes. A scintillation counter can measure the energy of charged particles or gamma rays absorb the detector. Ordinary water, when highly purified, can serve as a scintillator. RADITION APPLICATION Today, scientists continue to look for applications of radioactivity and nuclear energy to benefits mankind. A. FOOD AND AGRICULTURE Ionizing, radiation has been use for the several decades to produce new genetic lines of rice, sorghum, garlic, wheat, bananas, beans, avocado, and peppers. All of which are more resistant to rests and more adaptable to harsh climatic conditions. Aside from the used of radioisotopes is tracer studies, there at least three major areas where ionizing radiation is used in agriculture: 1. ) Mutation plant breeding, 2. ) Food irritation; and 3. Sterile infect technology. B. DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPHY Radiation is a powerful tool in medicine especially as an aid to diagnosis. In medical diagnosis the strategy in to keep the radiation dose as low as possible while gaining the most information. How is this possible? By using small amounts of short lived radioactive isotopes injected into the patient’s body. A technique called radio isotopic tracing. DIAGNOSI S USE OF RADIOISOTOPES 1. Bone and thyroid scan 2. Radio-immunoassay (RIA) Technique 3. Skeleton and heart muscles detectors Radiation therapy is commonly used to treat cancer. Treatment of cancers, the purpose is to cause damage particularly to cancer cells. CONCLUSION I conclude that making this term paper really requires effort, time, knowledge, and of course financial effort aspects. It is not easy task. It is very challenging for us, for me because through research in different sources, our knowledge will expand. And there is learning. I used to choose â€Å"Radiation† because I really want to know what it all is About, its benefits, and hazards, how it is related to our planet earth, and what is behind. As I go through, I learned some more and it helps me a lot. Coz I know in College, we were going to make this also. I was hesitating to make a research paper because I was thinking it’s hard to do. But when I try my best, I was proven myself wrong. It is important to make this Because I want to learn and besides it’s a requirement that should e accomplish. In the study of â€Å"RADIATION† I found of that there were kinds, Benefits and hazardous. At least we can aware of what is it all about. And now because I learn, So I am accomplishing now my term paper. BIBLIOGRAPHY Physics Science and Technology Textbook for Fourth Year. Philippines: SD Publication, Inc, 2004 Aldridge, Bill M. S, et. al. Science and Interaction. USA: Glencoe Division of Mc Millan/Mc Graw-Hill School Publishing Company, 1993. Buffa, Anthony J. And Wilson, Jerry D. Physics Fourth Edition. Singapore: Pearson Education, Inc. , 1994. Heath, Robert W. ; Macnaughton, Robert R. ; and Martindale, David G. Fundamentals of Physic. Canada: D. C. Health Canada Ltd. , 1979 Hewitt Paul G. Conceptual Physics, United States of America: Pearson Prentice Hall Inc. , 2006 Hewitt Paul G. Conceptual Physics Ninth Edition. USA: Pearson Education Inc. , 1956 Ocampo, Jorge R. And Santos, Gil Nonato C. General Science for High School. Rex Book Store, Inc. , 1963. Pabellon, Josetina L. , and Tubal , Gemelita C. Science and Technology for a Better Life Series. Physics Second Edition. Philippines: Duiva Scholastic Presk Inc. , 1995. Ronan, Colin A. The New Book of Knowledge. Canada; Grolier Incorporated, 2004. Salmorin, Lita M. Science and Technology Physics Updated Edition. Philippines: Abiva Publishing House, Inc. , 1995. ——————————————– [ 2 ]. Lita M. Salmon, Science and Technology Physic Updated Edition (Philippines: Aviva Publishing House, Inc. , 1995), p. 32. [ 3 ]. 2Bill Aldridge, M. S, et al. , Science Interactions (United states of America: Glencoe Division of Mc Milan/Mc Grew-Hell School Publishing Company, 1993), p. 176 [ 4 ]. Jerry D. Wilson and Anthony G. Buffer; Physics Fourth Edition (Singapore: Pearson Education, Inc. , 1994), p. 892. [ 5 ]. Colin A. Ronan, the New Book f knowledge (Canada: Grolier Incorporated, 2004), p. 42. [ 6 ]. Paul G. Hewitt, Conceptual Physics (United of America; Pearson Prentice Hall, 2006), p. 613. [ 7 ]. Robert W. Health, Rober R. Macnaughton and David G. Martinda, Fundamentals of Physics (Canada: D. C. Health CanadaLtd. 1979), p. 309. [ 8 ]. Gil Nonato C. Santod and George R. Ocampo, General Science for School (Philippines: REX Book Store, Inc. ,1963), p. 270. [ 9 ]. Ms. Sosefina L. Pabellon and Ms. Genelita B. Tubal, Science and Technology for a Better Life Series Physics second Edition (Phillipines: Divva Scholastic Press Inc. , 1995),p. 290 [ 10 ]. Paul G. Hewitt, Conceptual Physics, Ninth Edition (USA: Pearson Education Inc. , 1956), p. 643. [ 11 ]. Physics Science and Technology textbook for the fourth year( Philippines: SD Publications, Inc. , 2004), P. 109. How to cite Benefits and Hazard of Radiation, Papers

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Question: Discuss about the Legal and Ethical Environment of Business. Answer: Introduction In relation to the case study, James and the family have mostly made considerations in terms of finance leaving other very crucial factors which when overlooked may lead to difficulties while expanding the firm. The decision to expand a firm requires accurate consideration of various factors which starts with the identification of unexploited opportunities which have been well considered, financial factors, operational factors as well as emotional readiness. Most of the above factors have been well considered by James, however, some of the factors have been overlooked: Expansion of any venture requires maximum dedication and commitment as every good thing comes out of dedication and perseverance of pain. Even though James has effortlessly tried to convince the partners, he needs to do more to convince Dave and the accountant. This is because expansion of the firm will require the team to be willing to do what it takes to make the project a success just as his mother (Ferrera et.al 2014). Dave and the accountant must be convinced to be ready to take extra responsibilities, be able to work extended hours and must be willing to accommodate the extra three employees who are yet to join them as part of the expansion team. Since this is missing and management of all the new ventures have been left for James, he must therefore ensure willingness before starting the whole process of expansion. Economic condition is another factor which James have not considered mostly in his project of expansion. Even though the firm has no capability to regulate economic conditions, James should be aware of its effects on the expansion plan (Sofat 2016). He should however try come up with accurate forecast of interest rates, inflation as well as other factors which are likely to ensure the success of the expansion. Market share and strategy While venturing into new areas like James planning to enter into steel products, he should be aware of his clients as the firm may be in trouble when the market is composed of just a few customers. In market situations where customers are just a few, the firm can suffer when all decide to switch the competitor (Sofat 2016). James and the colleagues should come up with a robust marketing strategy which can help the organization get and hold on the identified customers. James has to expand his market research and identify whether the product they want to venture in has high demand. According the provided case study, James has concluded various additional costs in the expansion, however, apart from normal business costs, he should include outlays such as taxes, employee benefits, holidays as well as other costs related to absenteeism, insurance liabilities as well as training of the new employees (Ferrera et.al 2014). Conclusion Business growth and expansion is not an easy task and it requires massive effort as well as time to achieve. As a friend to James, the first thing I must let him have in mind as an entrepreneur is that, expansion of the business will only make sense when the current project is shaping up right towards the optimal and potential level with straight line success. And for this to happen he must also consider the above mentioned factors. Reference Ferrera, G. R., Alexander, M. M., Wiggins, W. P., Kirschner, C., and Darrow, J. J. 2014. The legal and ethical environment of business: an integrated approach. Sofat, R. 2016. Strategic financial management. [Place of publication not identified], Prentice-Hall of India.