Responses to the Boasian School of Anthropology Essay

The Boasian school of anthropology, headed by Franz Boas, was among those that pioneered modern concepts in anthropology. The Boasian school was critical of overgeneralizing perspectives or theories in the sciences, including the cultural evolutionary school in anthropology, choosing instead to adopt rigorous empiricism in its approach. The Boasian school believed in the world having distinct cultures and that cross-cultural generalizing often made in the natural sciences are not possible in anthropology. The school today uses the â€Å"four field approach† that divides the field into socio-cultural, biological, linguistic and prehistoric anthropology. While Leslie White was educated in the Boasian school of anthropology, he later began to question the anti-evolutionary views of his early education. He developed and advocated an anthropological, ethical and political view of the world almost targeted against the Boasian school. Leslie White embraced two contradictory models of culture: the sut generts conceptions from his Boasian education and the materialist-utilitarian framework developed out of his concern with cultural evolutionism. White never reconciled the two but he definitely gave stress to the Boasian-based sut generts in case of conflicts. White feared that the Boasian school’s concept of cultural determinism represented an emasculation of anthropology and instead advocated science and evolution, particularly 19th Boasian School 1 century theories. White regarded culture as superorganic made up of the technology, social organization and ideology levels. It should be noted, however, that White still held on to the Boasian-based sut generts and that he still tended to downgrade the impact made by the natural environment on culture and society. Julian Steward was a fellow evolutionist with Leslie White. Differing slightly from White, Julian steward’s concepts of evolution and progress was not limited to 19th century concepts. Steward, who was a pluralist in terms of openness to other views, never sharply broke up with the Boasian school. But he did find anomalies in the historical particularism paradigm of the Boasian school. Steward viewed evolution as ‘recurrent forms, processes, and functions’, in opposition to Boasian’s repudiation of evolution and regularity in culture. He also perceived culture as superorganic, similar to a limited extent to White’s culturology. Steward’s multi-linear evolution aspect of his approach to anthropology differed from the extreme particularism of the Boasian school but without adopting the antithetically unilinear evolution concept of White. Boasian School 1 References (December 2006). The Paradoxical Anthropology of Leslie White. Retrieved from the American Anthropological Association Website http://www. aaanet. org/gad/history/088white2. pdf. Leslie White. (2006, July 25). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 22:16, December 4, 2006, from http://en. wikipedia. org/w/index. php? title=Leslie_White&oldid=65691607. (May 2006). ESP/ANT 133. University of California Davishttp://www. des. ucdavis. edu/ esp133/133-08l. htm.

Importance Of Pragmatics In Communication Skills Education Essay

I teach particular instruction and most of the pupils that I service are with me for reading and written look. I have several English linguistic communication scholars and many of them are at different degrees of linguistic communication acquisition. However, I have had some trouble distinguishing their direction to turn to their specific linguistic communication degrees until I took this class. Bing a particular instruction instructor implies that I am inherently able to distinguish pupil direction. However, before taking these two categories, I lacked specific preparation in schemes for English linguistic communication scholars. These classs jogged my memory as to the huge facets of merely larning any linguistic communication. My particular instruction coursework included the reading, composing, hearing, and talking spheres of linguistic communication, but most of the particular instruction direction focused to a great extent on reading and composing direction, with less accent on speech production and hearing.First IdeaThe first thought that I found insightful was the importance of pragmatics in communicating accomplishments. I did non pass a batch of clip believing about the usage of linguistic communication in societal state of affairss and the specific map of how linguistic communication may be used. The critical facet of propinquity was enlightening. That instructors should be after activities to learn English scholars the appropriate distance for conversation with grownups was fresh to me, as I was non really cognizant that in the United States colloquial distance is one arm & A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢s length apart.Second IdeaThe 2nd thought that I gained from this class is the significance of semantics in linguistic communication and how that relates to English linguistic communication scholars understanding of specific words and their relationship in overall linguistic communication acquisition. In my schoolroom direction I have struggled with the ind ication and intension of words. I find that pupils frequently have trouble with words that have two or more significances and it is particularly hard for them to retrieve to utilize the word in the appropriate context when speech production or discoursing a narrative or specific subject.Third IdeaThe 3rd thought that I gleaned from this class was about specific schemes for English linguistic communication scholars to develop Tier III vocabulary. I knew small about blood relations and their usage in learning with shared Latin and Greek rooted vocabulary. I am already utilizing bilingual lexicons in my category, nevertheless the word-books are a scheme that I was unfamiliar with and have late implemented in my reading and composing direction.Fourth IdeaIdeas sing idiomatic linguistic communication and the effectual schemes to learn parlances to English linguistic communication scholars were really helpful. The highlighting activity every bit good as the Loop games that allow English s cholars to pattern appropriate parlance use are enlightening and I found both schemes resourceful.Fifth IdeaThe 5th thought I found important involved equality versus equity and the Supreme Court instance Lau vs. Nichols which refined the definition of just instruction for pupils specifically for English linguistic communication scholars. The picture explained the construct of equality as each pupil being given the same installations, course of study, text editions, and instructors does in no manner supply a meaningful instruction to English scholars. However, with the construct of equity, every pupil may non have the same thing, but alternatively their instruction is tailored to run into their specific demands. This tribunal instance appears to hold paved the manner for differentiated direction.Why Identified Ideas are Important to My Teaching AssignmentAll of the thoughts I identified are of import to being an effectual instructor. Lau vs. Nichols is basically important for non me rely English linguistic communication scholars, but for pupils having particular instruction services. Equity is the foundation of differentiated direction, which I pattern daily as all of my pupils are at different instructional degrees and it is indispensable to develop effectual lessons that address academic shortages for each single pupil. Parlances are besides rather hard for pupils with larning disablements and by larning schemes and activities to heighten pupil apprehension of idiomatic linguistic communication will doubtless increase overall comprehension. English linguistic communication scholars with larning disablements will necessitate the necessary cognition to voyage and understand the huge sum of words or phrases that have multiple significances. Ultimately, my end as a particular instruction instructor is to assist pupils develop vocabulary and many of the Tier III vocabulary schemes and activities will help pupils with larning disablements learn new vocabulary in the same manner that English scholars will larn new words.How to Implement Three Ideas into Current Teaching AssignmentThree thoughts I plan to ab initio implement are either separately or in a little group puting. First, during reading direction and composing direction it will non be hard to present the word books to heighten deeper vocabulary apprehension among my pupils with larning disablements that are besides English scholars. Several of my pupils enjoy pulling and art and by leting them to take ownership of their word books through the usage of illustrations, images and exposures, I think this can be a fun hands-on activity that will be ongoing throughout the remainder of the school twelvemonth. I am still learning at a twelvemonth unit of ammunition school and this is a good clip to implement non merely word books, but several other schemes that I learned in this class. Now that I have a deeper apprehension of pragmatics in linguistic communication acquisition, I plan to learn specific societal communicating accomplishments and propinquity through direct direction, mold, and role-playing assorted scenarios. Many of my pupils stand excessively near to their instructors, equals, and other staff members. I hope that by specifically doing it a point to learn appropriate propinquity to English linguistic communication scholars, they will be able to see immediate success. I have already begun learning idiomatic linguistic communication to several pupils by foregrounding phrases I have found in needed reading stuffs. Besides, the Loop games are planned for this hebdomad and I hope the games will heighten overall apprehension of several often used parlances.Expectations and Immediate Results of Implementation of Specified IdeasBy implementing the aforesaid thoughts, I surely expect my pupils to increase Tier III vocabulary, idiomatic linguistic communication activities and pragmatics affecting propinquity preparation. Additionally, by increasing my instructional focal point on supplying the English linguistic communication scholars diagnosed with larning disablements non merely talking and listening chances, but integrating new activities with authorship applications and written look from the really beginning of reading direction. Besides by previewing cardinal vocabulary before listening and prompting the pupils more pointedly on what to listen for dur ing an audio-taped narrative or text, I expect a more favourable result necessary for them to larn non merely appropriate English communicating accomplishments, but furthermore a deeper apprehension of vocabulary word significance. Furthermore, since I have taken this class, I began holding my pupils maintain their ain personal word book with their pick of illustrations, exposures, and/or icons in concurrence with their ain short definitions to help them in remembering the significance of a word. By giving pupils extra authorship pattern with the word book, I hope to better their overall authorship ability. Recently, I began to reexamine the needed narratives from the course of study that my English linguistic communication scholars use and highlight any idiomatic phrases or looks that the pupils may be fighting with on the overhead projector in a little group puting where I can discourse and examine them for understanding.Long Term Results of Implementing Specified IdeasWith the authorization of No Child Left Behind, schools are under utmost force per unit area to show that all pupils will do equal annual advancement toward prescribed educational ends. As a extremely qualified instructor, I am responsible for presenting meaningful direction that meets the demands of all pupils. By implementing specified thoughts, schemes, and activities the long term consequences will be that all pupils will hold a purposeful instruction taking them to a productive and comfortable life, every bit good as being able to pass on efficaciously across a assortment scenes.

Laws in cyberspace (civil law) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Laws in cyberspace (civil law) - Essay Example However, the past 15 years have clearly shown that any activity carried-out on the internet is not only subject to rules, but these rules are stricter and more heavily enforced than those of the physical world. One needs only to look at the process of establishing and maintaining an online presence (website), the mediating efforts deployed by online shopping sites like eBay, the internet censorship imposed by certain countries and the direct transfer and strict application of copyright rules from the physical world to the internet. The mainstay of web presence for individuals and corporations alike has always been the website. John Barlow claimed that â€Å"We are creating a world where anyone, anywhere may express his or her beliefs, no matter how singular, without fear of being coerced into silence or conformity† (Barlow, 1996). It can be said that websites are the real estate of cyberspace, and although accessible to everyone, the process to obtain a website (from the domai n name to server space and bandwidth) is underpinned by a number of legally binding agreements between the user and the service provider. The scope of these agreements is to ensure i) compliance of the user with content and usage rules and ii) consent by the user to the recourses and sole authority of the service provider in case of a breach of content or usage rules. Indeed, because the internet relies on i) a physical infrastructure administered and maintained by service providers and ii) the preservation of goodwill of these service providers, the internet content hosted and transmitted by each individual service provider directly affects their goodwill. Therefore, websites with objectionable content ranging from child pornography to the promotion of hate crimes are routinely and rapidly removed from circulation by service providers in a sustained effort to avoid negative publicity, as was illustrated by Rackspace when they removed the website of Reverend Terry Jones promoting an ti-Islamic views last fall (Shaer, 2010). Therefore, John Barlow’s statement that freedom of expression is absolute on the internet is clearly wrong, as legally-binding agreements endow service providers with the authority to only allow conformal and non-offensive views to persist in cyberspace for any length of time. One of the internet-spawned phenomena which has rapidly evolved into an online shopping mainstay is eBay. John Barlow claimed that â€Å"Your legal concepts of property, (†¦) do not apply to us† (Barlow, 1996). eBay exists only to facilitate the transfer of ownership of material property between individuals, sometimes separated by great distances and located in distinct jurisdiction. Although typical eBay transactions usually take place without incident, there are a number of instances where eBay is asked by either party to mediate the resolution of a conflict regarding the property itself or the payment. The â€Å"Resolution Center† eBay empl oys is a court of sorts where both parties are invited to present their case and acknowledge eBay’s ultimate authority to rule on the transaction (â€Å"Resolving Transaction Problems in the Resolution Center†, n.d.). As our physical world encroaches more and more onto the internet with each passing day, John Barlow’s statements about the inapplicability of the traditional concept of property to

Ancient Chinese Contributions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 6

Ancient Chinese Contributions - Essay Example Ancient Chinese has been recognized for a variety of inventions and contributions to mankind. Since ancient periods in China have been categorized according to dynasties, the ten most useful inventions and contributions noted and attributed to Chinese ingenuity and innovativeness are as follows: the building of the Great Wall of China and the multiplication table during the Qin or Ch’in Dynasty; the invention of the compass and paper making during the Han Dynasty; making of tea and matches during the Era of Disunity; making of porcelain during the Sui Dynasty; gunpowder in the Tang Dynasty; and finally, printing and wine making during the Sung Dynasty (Inventions, Innovations and Other Contributions from Ancient China). Of course there are other notable discoveries and contributions during ancient times but these inventions rise above the rest in terms of creating significant impact on the growth and development of civilizations around the world. From among these ten remarkable contributions, one strongly believes that the four most ingenious and innovative are the building of the Great Wall of China, paper making, printing, and the compass. The Great Wall of China has been renowned worldwide as one of the wonders of the world and as such, the building of the wall that reaches an immense length of about 8,850 kilometers or 5,500 miles long (Rosenberg) is a commendable task even to be imagined as such ancient times when materials and labor skills have not even been considered sophisticated or advanced. Paper making was likewise attributed to the ancient Chinese and have provided the impetus for the creation of paper currency and other documents that could be preserved. Due to the discovery, fast amounts of recording and documentation of historical events, famous writings, art works and literary pieces have been effectively archived. Printing, on the other hand, is also a relevant contribution as it

Foreign Exchange Risk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Foreign Exchange Risk - Essay Example Exporting and importing also implies considerable foreign exchange risks for the companies involved. Importers will have to pay a higher price if their home currency depreciates against the exporting foreign country and vice versa. International retailing operations also entail high exposure to foreign exchange risk as the exchange rate of any of the two countries fluctuates. The fluctuations in exchange rate â€Å"†¦result in direct changes in the relative prices of domestic and foreign goods†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Bartov and Bodnar, 1994, p. 1758) It ultimately increases the exposure of virtually all forms of international operations to foreign exchange risk. Foreign exchange or currency risk affects a company in several different ways viz. sales level, future cash flows, financial reporting, product price and production etc. Bartov and Bodnar propound that exchange rate fluctuations â€Å"†¦influence both the current and future expected cash flows of firms with international operations.† (1994, p. 1758). Fluctuation in exchange rate can affect a company’s future cash flows by increasing or decreasing the price of goods and services in the domestic or foreign country. It can also affect a company’s operational performance by increasing or decreasing the cost of importing raw material. Currency rates have a significant impact on the reporting of sales level. If the foreign exchange rates are favourable, the company’s reported sales will rise (Bartov and Bodnar, 1994). Therefore, apart from affecting its real future cash flows, exchange rate fluctuations bear the capacity to influence its reported revenues. Exposure to foreign exchange risk can also affect a company’s production level and its prices. It will be costlier for companies to import products from a foreign country having a high exchange rate as compared to the domestic

Health Information Confidentiality Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Health Information Confidentiality - Assignment Example In addition, through implementing breach notification requirements, patients protect their identity if a breach occurs (Hebda & Czar, 2013). The benefits of collecting the confidential data of patients are more than the risks. It is important for the health care providers to conduct a review of the appropriate utilization and protection to ensure that patient data is protected (Davies & Collins, 2006). Improved technology and the current development of security software have made it possible for health care organizations to protect the private data of their patients and reduce the risk of data breaching. The major purpose of HITECH in to develop a nationwide electronic health records network that would allow for proper linking of health care professionals in ensuring quality health care for all citizens. The Act aims at promoting investment into information technology and thus promotes safety, quality health care, and efficiency in health management (Davies & Collins, 2006). The new HITECH notification requirements include notification of patients in the occurrence of an unsecured breach. In case the breach has an impact on more than 500 individuals, then there is need for the HHS to be aware (Institute of Medicine, 2009). Such notification will allow for automatic posting of the name of the entity that is carrying out the breach on the HHS website. The local media also have to be notified considering various conditions. These requirements are greatly effective in ensuring that the patients are kept up to date of any breach and that the involved entities are brought to book. This allows for timely counteraction of a breach and securing of patient data. The use of portable PHI could result in HIPAA violation involving the breaching of individual private data. Portable devices such as mobile phones store data on the devices, either in the SIM card, memory card, or

Plastic Bag Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Plastic Bag - Essay Example In her book called Everything Is a Human Being, Alice Walker states, â€Å"While the earth is enslaved, none of us is free’’ (Walker 666). Accordingly, she suggested so long as the earth suffers, then each and every person, together with other living creature will suffer.As such, it is therefore essential for us to take actions to protect the Earth. To reverse the gains made in polluting the earth, a piece of legislation was enacted in August 2014. The law induced a ban on all plastic bags mostly used to pack commodities in chain retail stores was enacted. California was the first state to put to work the legislation. In this case, a large number of stalls complied with the directive. The bill,accented by Governor Jerry Brown, will be valid from July 1, 2015. Consumers are not able to get normal commodities in plastic bags in accordance with the provisions. The ban on the aforementioned traders has will soon trickle to other small scale traders such as convenience stores and other small food retailers after one year. the use plastic bag has been discredited for causing economic losses, damages the environment and ecosystem, and is harmful to human health, the authority will continue to engage in the throughout the united states since the use of plastic bags It is estimated that each and every American uses one plastic paper per day. As such, apart from the use of plastic bags by traders, the law also focuses on activities around producing plastic bags and dealing plastic bags trash involve high economic cost that add burden to the society. In addition, we regular reuse our plastic bags, we just throw them as a trash after one-time use.Approximately $10 million of the New York City money goes to send 100 thousand tons of plastic bags that are dumped as general trash in the landfill of South Carolina, Ohio and Pennsylvania every year. According to the deputy commissioner in charge of satiation in New York states that, â€Å"Plastic shopping bags are an